Resources

Reports

In collaboration with partner organisations, we conduct extensive research into the scale and scope of human rights violations in Syria and other countries in conflict.

There is No Justice in This Country-Experiences of Sexual Violence Survivors in South Sudan

Synergy for Justice, in partnership with STEWARDWOMEN, highlights the voices and perspectives of 45 women survivors of sexual and gender-based violence from South Sudan.

This report is a call to action for all actors within the justice system to correct the course and experience of justice for survivors in South Sudan and help heal their pain. 

Understanding What Syrian Women Face During and After Detention

Synergy for Justice and Lawyers and Doctors for Human Rights present the lived experiences of 80 women arbitrarily detained in Syria. This report documents and brings to light the inhumane treatment and violence they endured and the effect of this treatment on these women and their well-being.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Stigma Surrounding Sexual Violence and its Survivors in Syrian Communities

This report by Synergy for Justice and Lawyers and Doctors for Human rights explores and summarises the impacts of social stigma on individual survivors, their rights and prospects, their families, and their acceptance and reintegration into their communities.

“The Soul Has Died”: Typology, Patterns, Prevalence, and the Devastating Impact of Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys in Syrian Detention

This report by our partners, Lawyers and Doctors for Human Rights,  documents the scale, scope, and severity of conflict-related sexual violence perpetrated on men and boys. It also details the devastating effects of these crimes on survivors, their families, and communities.

Voices from the Dark: Torture and Sexual Violence Against Women in Assad’s Detention Centres

This report by our partners, Lawyers and Doctors for Human Rights, features the stories of eight women arbitrarily detained by Syrian forces who survived torture and sexual violence perpetrated by Assad’s Regime.

No Silent Witnesses: Violations against Children in Syrian Detention Centres

This report by our partners, Lawyers and Doctors for Human Rights, uncovers the arbitrary detention, torture and sexual violence perpetrated on children in Syrian detention centres.

Death Became a Daily Thing: The Deliberate and Systematic Failure to Provide for Health and Medical Care in Syrian Detention Centers

This report by our partners, Lawyers and Doctors for Human Rights, documents the lack of health and medical care in Syrian detention centres that constitutes a flagrant violation of international standards and international law.

Best Practice Guides

Synergy directors have either drafted or directly contributed to the development of numerous best practice and global guidance documents focused on combatting sexual violence, documenting torture and war crimes, and eliminating human trafficking.

Advancing Justice for Children: Innovations to Strengthen Accountability for Violations and Crimes Affecting Children in Conflict

Synergy Contributors:

Erin Gallagher, Dr Ingrid Elliott, Stephanie Barbour

Principles for Global Action: Preventing and Addressing Stigma Associated with Conflict-Related Sexual Violence

Synergy Contributors: Stephanie Barbour,

Dr Ingrid Elliott

Murad Code: Global Code of Conduct for Documenting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence

Synergy Contributor:

Dr Ingrid Elliott

This Syria Supplement to the Second Edition of the International Protocol on the Documentation and Investigation of Sexual Violence in Conflict

Synergy Primary Authors:

Dr Ingrid Elliott, Stephanie Barbour, Joumana Seif

Iraq Supplement to the International Protocol on Documentation and Investigation of Sexual Violence in Conflict

Synergy Contributors: Stephanie Barbour,

Dr Ingrid Elliott

Central African Republic Supplement to the International Protocol on Documentation of Sexual Violence in Conflict

Synergy Contributor: Stephanie Barbour

Combatting Sexual Violence in Conflict: Recommendations to States at the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict

Synergy Contributor: Stephanie Barbour,

Primary Author

Combatting Impunity for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Progress and Challenges – An Analysis of Criminal Proceedings Before the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 2005 and 2013

Synergy Contributor: Stephanie Barbour,

Primary Author

Bridging the Gap Between the Reality of Male Sexual Violence and Access to Justice and Accountability

Synergy Primary Authors:

Dr Ingrid Elliott,

Dr Coleen Kivlahan

Supporting Accountability for Sexual Violence in the Syria and Iraq Conflicts: Innovations, Good Practices, and Lessons Learned through Private Criminal Investigations

Synergy Primary Author: Stephanie Barbour

A Meaningful Step Towards Accountability: A View from the Field on the United Nations International, Impartial, and Independent Mechanism for Syria

Synergy Contributor:

Dr Ingrid Elliott

Global Protection Cluster: Anti-Trafficking Task Teams Introductory Guide to Anti-Trafficking Action in International Displacement Contexts

Synergy Contributor:

Christy Fujio

Civil Society Declaration on Sexual Violence

Synergy Contributors:

Dr Ingrid Elliott,

Erin Gallagher

Delivering Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina: and Overview of War Crimes Proceedings from 2005-2010

Synergy Contributor: Stephanie Barbour,

Primary Author

Institute for International Criminal Investigation: Guidelines on Remote Interviewing

Synergy Contributors:

Dr Ingrid Elliott, Erin Gallagher, Stephanie Barbour

Istanbul Protocol Revision Two: Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Synergy Contributors:

Christy Fujio,

Dr Ingrid Elliott, Dr Coleen Kivlahan

Amicus Brief to the ICC Appeals Chamber on Sexual Slavery and Cumulative Convictions in the Bemba Appeal

Synergy Contributor: Stephanie Barbour – Member, Core Drafting Team

Technical Guidance Papers

Synergy for Justice has developed the following technical guidance sheets to support doctors and lawyers as they forensically document torture and sexual violence cases, compose their reports for prosecutors, and prepare to testify in court.

Recognising Sequelae and Impact of Torture


Sleep Deprivation

There are many ways sleep deprivation is created in detention or as part of an intentional pattern of torture and ill-treatment.

Electrical Injury and Torture

Electrical injury is a physiological reaction caused by electric current passing through the body. The injury depends on the density of the current, tissue resistance and duration of contact.

Stress Positional Torture

Victims may be placed in painful and degrading positions during interrogations or while detained.

Cigarette Burns

Cigarettes do not always leave the same scar appearance. The typical appearance of an intentionally inflicted cigarette burn is a sharply defined lesion of about 1 cm, circular, and can be hypopigmented or hyperpigmented (darker or lighter than skin color).

Self-Harm: Physical

Self-harm may also be described as self-injury, self-poisoning, self-mutilation and suicide attempts. It is a repetitive pattern of behavior in response to stress, pain, ambiguity, or emotional trauma.

Self-Harm: Psychological

Most people engaging in self-harm behaviors are doing so to manage and cope with intense psychological and emotional pain from torture, sexual violence, forced displacement, and other traumatic events.

Whipping/Blunt Trauma

The highest prevalence injuries related to torture and ill-treatment are blunt impact trauma which may be caused by elongated rigid or semi-rigid implements such as whips (wires, cords, leather, sticks), rods, hoses, cables, tubing and rods.

Gunshot Wounds

The appearance of healed gunshot wounds can range from round to circular scars which are typically flesh-colored, with raised borders and depressed centers. Their size and shape vary. Details regarding the mechanism of injury are essential to develop conclusions about the correlation between the history of the events and the physical findings, often years later.

LGBTQI Patterns of Injuries

Persecution based on sexual orientation and gender identity is not new; there is a long history of hate-motivated violence. Discrimination and human rights violations against LGBTQI persons appear in a variety of egregious ways.

Women in Detention

High risk settings include those where women and men are detained in the same center, where guards are mostly men, when women remain in police custody, when they are detained in the pre-trial custody, are in transit, are in solitary confinement or restrained, and those who are detained without charges or with the pretense of protecting them.

Solitary Confinement

The mental, physical, and social effects of solitary confinement are impacted by the duration, degree of isolation, purpose, pre-existing health problems, and physical conditions of the space including light, sound, food, water and medical care.

Sexual Dysfunction After Torture

Sexual dysfunction ranges from aversion to touch and lack of interest in consensual sexual acts, to body image distortions and shame, to acute and chronic pain, and finally, the inability to experience satisfaction from healthy sexual activity.

Forensic Medical Evaluations of Torture & Sexual Violence


Preparing for the Medical Evaluation

Follow this checklist to ensure that you are ready and you have everything you need to complete the evaluation.

Building Rapport with Patients

Doctors do these evaluations all the time. But for the patient, it may be their only time. Prepare to put the patient at ease and build rapport.

Documenting the Patient Narrative

Preparing, writing, and ensuring quality control of written documentation is important. Typos, poor grammar, and other mistakes reflect poorly on the expert.

Trauma-Informed Evaluation & Interviewing

People respond differently to medical evaluations, and special accommodations should be made for those with prior trauma.

Best Practices for Defensible Forensic Interviewing

Getting the history in a manner that is usable for court and avoids doing harm.

Photographic Evidence

A picture is worth 1000 words - if it's well done. Follow these guidelines to improve the quality of photographic evidence.

Collecting and Preserving Evidence for Court

You should not not collect anything if you cannot safely store it. Learn what to do and what not to do.

Concluding the Patient Interview and Evaluation

Finishing evaluations properly and with warmth and clarity is essential.

Post-Evaluation Checklist

Doctors will start to forget details immediately no matter how experienced they are. Follow this checklist to ensure you have taken all the proper steps.

Writing the Conclusion Section of the Report

The report alone might be relied upon by the judge, without your testimony or explanation, so the report must stand on its own.

Expert Qualifications

Highlighting and making the most of your professional experience and qualifications to demonstrate credibility is important.

Preparing for Court


Role of the Expert Witness

The overriding duty of an expert witness is to provide independent, impartial, and unbiased evidence to the court or tribunal.

Preparing to Testify in Court

Preparation is essential. Your court testimony may occur years after the evaluation occurred.

Overview of Direct and Cross Examination

Understanding the order of witnesses and ways attorneys may question expert witnesses. Learn what to expect in court.

Tips for Testifying in Court

Prepare in advance, tell the truth, and stay calm. Testimony can last for many hours or even days.

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